ETAP tends to be sharp or stabbing when severe, and cramping, aching, or pulling when less intense. It may also be related to shoulder tip pain, which is the referred site from tissue innervated by the phrenic nerve. ETAP is a localized pain that is most common in the lateral aspects of the mid abdomen along the costal border, although it may occur in any region of the abdomen. Approximately 70 % of runners report experiencing the pain in the past year and in a single running event approximately one in five participants can be expected to suffer the condition.
It is especially prevalent in activities that involve repetitive torso movement with the torso in an extended position, such as running and horse riding.
Exercise-related transient abdominal pain (ETAP), commonly referred to as ‘stitch’, is an ailment well known in many sporting activities.
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